Sōtō曹洞宗
- Origin
- Caodong
- Founded
- 1227
- Founders
- Dōgen KigenKeizan JōkinShunryu SuzukiHakuyū Taizan Maezumi
- Head temples
- Eihei-jiSōji-ji
- Practice
- Shikantaza: zazen practised to the exclusion of other practices, and not as a means to an end.
- Descendant schools
- Sanbō Zen
The Japanese branch of Caodong, brought from China by Dōgen in 1227. Keizan Jōkin, fourth in its Japanese line, and his disciples’ students spread it across Japan, mainly in the countryside. The school gives its size as about 15,000 temples and some eight million adherents.
In time
People counted in Sōtō, by lifespan. A dot: only the year of death is known.
Ancestors
Key texts
One hundred cases with verses by Hongzhi Zhengjue and commentary by Wansong Xingxiu, both of the Caodong line.
Keizan’s talks on each ancestor of the Sōtō line, from the Buddha to Ejō; the school’s own account of its lineage.
Formal talks and verses given at Kōshō-ji and Eihei-ji, compiled by Dōgen’s students.
Dōgen’s short manual for seated meditation, first drafted, he says, in the Karoku years (1225–1227). The Taishō prints two texts, one signed and dated 1233 and one undated; the Sōtō school’s own translation follows the undated text.
A poem attributed to Dongshan Liangjie, chanted in Sōtō temples alongside the Sandōkai. In his recorded sayings Dongshan tells Caoshan Benji that he received the jewel mirror samādhi from his teacher Yunyan and now passes it on.
A short poem attributed to Shitou Xiqian and chanted in Sōtō temples. The Jingde chuandeng lu of 1004 prints it under his name.
Dōgen’s essays on practice and doctrine, written in Japanese between 1231 and 1253. He edited a 75-fascicle and a later 12-fascicle version; the most common, the Sōtō school says, is the 95-fascicle edition his descendants produced in 1690.
Shunryu Suzuki’s talks on Zen meditation and practice, edited by Trudy Dixon.
Teachers today
Living teachers are not yet listed. See Teachers for the criteria.
Sources
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