The Zen Record

Sōtō曹洞宗

Origin
Caodong
Founded
1227
Founders
Dōgen KigenKeizan JōkinShunryu SuzukiHakuyū Taizan Maezumi
Head temples
Eihei-jiSōji-ji
Practice
Shikantaza: zazen practised to the exclusion of other practices, and not as a means to an end.
Descendant schools
Sanbō Zen

The Japanese branch of Caodong, brought from China by Dōgen in 1227. Keizan Jōkin, fourth in its Japanese line, and his disciples’ students spread it across Japan, mainly in the countryside. The school gives its size as about 15,000 temples and some eight million adherents.

In time

Edo Japan
Kamakura Japan
Modern
Song China
Sōtō
Koun Ejō1198–1280
Dōgen Kigen1200–1253
Tettsū Gikai1219–1309
Keizan Jōkin1264 or 1268–1325
Gasan Jōseki1276–1366
Meihō Sotetsu1277–1350
Harada Daiun Sogaku1871–1961
Shunryu Suzuki1904–1971
Hakuyū Taizan Maezumi1931–1995

People counted in Sōtō, by lifespan. A dot: only the year of death is known.

Ancestors

Key texts

Book of Serenity從容錄
1224Classical Chinesekoan collection

One hundred cases with verses by Hongzhi Zhengjue and commentary by Wansong Xingxiu, both of the Caodong line.

Denkōroku伝光録
c. 1300Japaneselineage record

Keizan’s talks on each ancestor of the Sōtō line, from the Buddha to Ejō; the school’s own account of its lineage.

Eihei kōroku永平広録
13th centuryClassical Chineserecorded sayings

Formal talks and verses given at Kōshō-ji and Eihei-ji, compiled by Dōgen’s students.

Fukan zazengi普勧坐禅儀
c. 1227Classical Chinesepractice instructions

Dōgen’s short manual for seated meditation, first drafted, he says, in the Karoku years (1225–1227). The Taishō prints two texts, one signed and dated 1233 and one undated; the Sōtō school’s own translation follows the undated text.

Hōkyō zanmai寶鏡三昧
9th centuryClassical Chinesepoem

A poem attributed to Dongshan Liangjie, chanted in Sōtō temples alongside the Sandōkai. In his recorded sayings Dongshan tells Caoshan Benji that he received the jewel mirror samādhi from his teacher Yunyan and now passes it on.

Sandōkai參同契
8th centuryClassical Chinesepoem

A short poem attributed to Shitou Xiqian and chanted in Sōtō temples. The Jingde chuandeng lu of 1004 prints it under his name.

Shōbōgenzō正法眼蔵
1231–1253Japaneseessay collection

Dōgen’s essays on practice and doctrine, written in Japanese between 1231 and 1253. He edited a 75-fascicle and a later 12-fascicle version; the most common, the Sōtō school says, is the 95-fascicle edition his descendants produced in 1690.

Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind
1970Englishintroduction

Shunryu Suzuki’s talks on Zen meditation and practice, edited by Trudy Dixon.

Teachers today

Living teachers are not yet listed. See Teachers for the criteria.

Sources

  • Keizan Jōkin, Denkōroku 伝光録 (c. 1300) · link
  • Sōtōshū Shūmuchō, Shakyamuni Buddha & Two Founders · link
  • Sōtōshū Shūmuchō, History (Soto Zen School) · link
  • Sugawara Kenshū, Center for Soto Zen Studies (Sōtōshū Shūmuchō), Shikantaza (Just Sitting) · link

Checked. Report an error.